Proto-Indo-European Roots

Proto-Indo-European Roots

*Root/Stem:*	*yug-

*Meaning:*	to bind, to harness

*Cognates:*
Hellenic	Greek *dzugon* 'yoke'
Italic	Latin *jungere* 'to bind', *jugum* 'yoke'
Celtic	Common Celtic con-yungi- 'to bind', yougo- 'yoke' > Irish & Scottish *cuing* 'yoke', Welsh *iau* 'yoke', Old Welsh *iou, Old Cornish ieu, Breton geo, ieo, Gaulish Ver-iugo-dumnus* (a personal name)
Indic	Sanskrit *yugam* 'yoke', *yuñjati* 'binds'
Iranian	Avestan *yaoj-, yuj-* 'to harness', Persian jug
Anatolian	Hittite *iukan* 'yoke'
Armenian	Armenian *luc* 'yoke'
Balkan
Germanic	Common Germanic jaukiz 'yoke' > Gothic juk* 'yoke', Old English *géoc, Old Icelandic eykr, Old Saxon uk, Old High German juh*
Baltic	Lithuanian *jungti* 'to harness', *jungas* 'yoke'
Slavic	Common Slavic jïgo 'yoke' > Russian & Bulgarian & Polish & Slovene igo, Kashubian jigoe, Polabian jeigü*

Notes:	Another term from the cattle breeding lexicon of ancient Indo-Europeans. This word was used only for harnessing cattle into the yoke, so the very word 'yoke' is a clear derivative. We can even say for sure that it was neuter in gender in Indo-European: *yugom.