Proto-Indo-European Roots
| Root/Stem: | *bheud- |
| Meanings: | to be awaken |
| Cognates: | |
| Hellenic | Greek peuthomai 'I learn' |
| Celtic | Old Irish buide 'gratitude', Welsh bodd 'free will', Cornish both 'will' |
| Indic | Sanskrit bodhayati 'he wakes' |
| Iranian | Avestan baodayeiti 'he teaches' |
| Germanic | Common Germanic *biudan, *budan 'to ask, to
offer' > Gothic anabiudan 'to order', farbiudan 'to forbid', Old High German biotan 'to offer', Old Norse bjóða, Old English béodan, Old Saxon biodan 'to offer' |
| Baltic | Lithuanian bude.ti 'to awake', bunda 'he is awaken', busti 'to wake up', Latin bauslis 'free gift', Old Prussian budé 'they are awaken', etbaudints 'cheerful' |
| Slavic | Common Slavic *buditi < *bheud- 'to wake', *bude.ti
< *budh- 'to be awaken' > Russian bdet' 'to be awaken', Bulgarian bd'a 'I am awaken', Czech & Serbo-Croatian bdim, Slovene buditi 'to wake up', Polish budzic', Lower Sorbian buz'is' |
| Notes: | The zero grade of ablaut gives *-u- in this
root, a lot of cognates use derivatives from this very zero grade form. The Greek form is interesting for its interchanging of root consonants: according to phonetic laws, the IE *bheud- should have given Greek *pheutomai; the Greek form here goes back to *beudh- which looks rather strange because the Proto-language hardly had the phoneme *b at all. Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, however, suggest these two hypothetic forms were the two varieties of one root. |