Proto-Indo-European Roots

Proto-Indo-European Roots

Root/Stem: *sú-

Meanings: to give birth

Cognates (44):

Hellenic Greek uhios, Doric huos (son) (< *sú-)

Italic

Celtic Common Celtic *sut- (to give birth), >
Old Irish suth (birth, offspring)

Indic Sanskrit súté, sauti (gives birth), súnu- (son)

Dardic & Nuristani

Iranian Avestan hunámi (I give birth), hunu- (son)

Anatolian

Tocharian Tocharian A se, Tocharian B soyä (son)

Armenian ustr (son)

Balkan Thracian sukis, sukus (girl, boy, juvenile)

Germanic Common Germanic *sunuz (son), >
Gothic sunus, Old English & Old High German sunu, Old Scandinavian sunR (son);
Old English suhterga (uncle, nephew) - another suffix

Baltic Common Baltic *súnus >
Lithuanian & Sudovian súnus, Old Prussian súnus

Slavic Common Slavic *synü (son) >
Russian syn, Ukrainian sin, Belorussian syn, Slovene & Serbo-Croatian & Bulgarian sin, Czech & Slovak & Polish & Sorbian syn

Notes: This one has nothing in common with relative r-stems discussed in our previous issues. This stem denoted the general term of birth in Indo-European, that is why adding different suffixes produced different meanings. The most widespread suffix was *-nu- which exists in the majority of branches and therefore though to be Common Indo-European. Practically everywhere this suffix gave a noun belonging to u-stems.
The one which seems most interesting is Old English suhterga, which was evidently formed by analogy with dohtor 'daughter'.

*Root/Stem:*	*sú-

*Meanings:*	to give birth

*Cognates (44):*
Hellenic	Greek *uhios,* Doric *huos* (son) (< *sú-)
Italic
Celtic	Common Celtic sut- (to give birth), > Old Irish suth* (birth, offspring)
Indic	Sanskrit *súté, sauti* (gives birth), *súnu-* (son)
Dardic & Nuristani
Iranian	Avestan *hunámi* (I give birth), *hunu-* (son)
Anatolian
Tocharian	Tocharian A se, Tocharian B *soyä* (son)
	Armenian *ustr* (son)
Balkan	Thracian *sukis, sukus* (girl, boy, juvenile)
Germanic	Common Germanic sunuz (son), > Gothic sunus, Old English & Old High German sunu, Old Scandinavian sunR* (son); Old English *suhterga* (uncle, nephew) - another suffix
Baltic	Common Baltic súnus > Lithuanian & Sudovian súnus, Old Prussian súnus*
Slavic	Common Slavic synü (son) > Russian syn, Ukrainian sin, Belorussian syn, Slovene & Serbo-Croatian & Bulgarian sin, Czech & Slovak & Polish & Sorbian syn*

Notes:	This one has nothing in common with relative r-stems discussed in our previous issues. This stem denoted the general term of birth in Indo-European, that is why adding different suffixes produced different meanings. The most widespread suffix was -nu- which exists in the majority of branches and therefore though to be Common Indo-European. Practically everywhere this suffix gave a noun belonging to u-stems. The one which seems most interesting is Old English suhterga, which was evidently formed by analogy with dohtor* 'daughter'.