Proto-Indo-European Roots

Proto-Indo-European Roots

Root/Stem:	*stHá-

Meanings:	to stand, to become

Cognates:	Greek *histémi <* sistámi (I stand, put), stasis* (situation), Homeric *sté* (I stand) New Greek *stekomai* (I stand)
	Latin *stare* (to stand), *stó* (I stand) < stajó, Oscan staít* (he stands); Romanian *a sta* (to stand), Sardinian *istare, Ladin ster, Italian stare, Aromanian stau, French e'te'* (was), Spanish *estar* (to be, to stand)
	Common Celtic stájó (I stand) > Old Irish taim* (I am), tá (is), Scottish Gaelic *tha* (is), Irish Gaelic tá (is, am, are), Manx Gaelic ta (is, am, are)
	Common Germanic stó- (to stand), > Old High German stan* (to stand), Old English & Old Swedish & Gothic *standan* (to stand), Old English *stód* (I stood), Old Norse *standa* (to stand), Old High German *stantan, German stehen* (to stand), *stand* (I stood), Icelandic & Faroese *standa* (to stand), Norwegian & Swedish *sta, Danish staa, Frisian stean, Dutch & Afrikaans staan*
	Avestan *hištaiti* (he stands); Tadzik *istodan* (to stand), Persian *istadan,* Baluchi *oshtagh, oshtagha*
	Sanskrit *asthat* (he became), *tisthati* (he stands)
	Albanian *ri stuera* (to stand)
	Common Anatolian sta- (to stand); > Hittite išta* (to stand), Lycian *stta* (to put, to set), Lydian *istamin* (family) - cognate?
	Common Baltic stó- (to stand), > Lithuanian stoti* (to stand, to become), *stoju* (I stand), *stove.ti* (to be standing), Latvian *stat* (to become), Latvian *stavet* (to be standing), Old Prussian *postát* (to stand up), Sudovian *stát, stalét* (to stand)
	Common Slavic stati (to stand), > Old Russian & Old Church Slavic & Serbo-Croatian & Slovene stati* (to become, to stand), Czech *stati se* (to become), Slovak & Russian *stat'* (to stand up, to become), Ukrainian *stanu* (I will become), Bulgarian *stoja* (I stand), Belorussian *stajac* (to stand), Upper Sorbian *stejec', Lower Serbian stojas', Polish stac'* (to stand up), Macedonian *stojam* (I stand)

Notes:	The supporters of the laryngeal theory reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European stem as stHa-, including the laryngeal sound inside it. Later, they say, the disappearing of the laryngeal caused the lengthening of a in the stem, which is long practically in every branch. One of the basic verbs in all Indo-European languages, it produced a great number of derivatives in English: words like stay, station, establish, situation, stalemate, stele originated from this very stem.