accuso 'I accuse' < *ad-caus-
What is the feature here?
This feature is called assimilation, especially frequent with the
prefix ad-
rubus 'reddish' < *reudh-
liber 'free' < *leudh-
What makes those two have different root vowels?
In Archaic Latin, there was a vowel sound similar to German ue
or French u. Its usage is not quite clear; later it became i
in Classical Latin
beber 'beaver' < *bhebhrú-
Why not *feber?
The syllable assimilation, which makes two syllables with f -
b turn into b - b (like in *farba > barba)
unus 'one' < *oinos
What happened to the diphthong?
The diphthong oi which existed in Archaic Latin had two reflections
in the Classical language: oe like in foederati, and long
u like here
mater 'mother'
pater 'father'
Is the origin of *a the same?
No, a in mater is long, was derived from IE long *a,
while it is short in pater, originating from IE schwa *@
mos 'a custom' (root mos-)
Make a genitive form with the ending -is
The genitive will be moris due to the law of rhotacism, though
it should have been *mosis
vivo 'I live' < *gwei-
unguis 'a nail' < *ngwi-
Why two reflections of the same *gw?
The IE phoneme *gw could be reflected as gu, g, or
v
bis 'twice' < *dwis
Is this consonant change regular?
Yes, it is (another example given in the grammar is *dvenos >
bonus)
Now see which is which:
| facultas < *faklitáts | metathese (vowel + sonant > sonant + vowel) |
| avcaps < *avicaps | syncope (short vowel is dropped) |
| audibilis < *audiblis | anaptixa (short vowel appears between consonants) |
| foret < *fused | rhotacism (s > r between vowels) |
Nouns
Define the declension type and decline the nouns
deus (masc.) - 2nd declension
consul (masc.) - 3rd declension, genitive singular consulis
nomen (neut.) - 3rd declension, genitive singular nominis
domus (fem.) - 4th declension
dies - 5th declension feminine
luna - 1st declension
pax (fem.) - 3rd declension, genitive singular pacis
bellum (neut.) - 2nd declension
Identify the form basing on the nominative singular:
dies - diebus (fem.) - dative & ablative plural
ira - iram (fem.) - accusative singular
auctor - auctores (masc.) - nominative & accusative
plural
humus - humo (masc.) - dative & ablative singular
puer - pueri (masc.) - genitive singular or nominative
plural
mare - maria (neut.) - nominative & accusative
plural
Translate the combinations using the glossary below and explain the
use of cases:
leo murem corripuit - a lion caught a mouse (murem
- accusative singular, direct object)
labores gignunt honores - labours create honours
(labores - nominative plural, subject; honores
- accusative plural, direct object)
multum pecuniae - much money (pecuniae
- genitive singular, genitive partitive)
dea silvarum - goddess of forests (silvarum
- genitive plural, genitive objective)
Senatus Caesarem praetorem creat - the Senate creates
Caesar a consul (Caesarem consulem - accusative double)
Now try the same from Latin into English:
a lot of money - copia pecuniae
to go on foot (lit. 'by feet') - ire pedibus
write to a friend - amico scribere
leader's matter - res ducis
many fruits - multum fructuus